Mr. Palm's Science/Social Studies Site
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  • Science
    • 1st Six Weeks >
      • Unit 1 Physical Properties of Matter
      • Unit 2 Mixtures & Solutions
    • 2nd Six Weeks >
      • Unit 3 Energy
      • Unit 4 Force and Motion
    • 3rd Six Weeks >
      • Unit 6 The Changing of Earth
    • 4th Six Weeks >
      • Unit 5 Natural Resources
      • Unit 7 Weather and the Water Cycle
    • 5th Six Weeks >
      • Unit 8 Patterns of Earth
      • Unit 9 Energy Flow in Living Systems
    • 6th Six Weeks >
      • Traits >
        • Q 1
        • Q 2
        • Q3
        • Q4
        • Q5
        • Q6
        • Q7
        • Q8
        • Q9
        • Q10
        • Q11
        • Q12
        • Q13
        • Q14
        • Q15
        • Q16
        • Q17
        • Q18
        • Q19
        • Q20
        • Q21
        • Q22
        • Q23
        • Q24
        • Q25
        • Q26
        • Q27
        • Q28
        • Q29
        • Q30
        • Q31
        • Q32
        • Q33
        • Q34
        • Q35
        • Q36
        • Q37
        • Q38
        • Q39
        • Q40
        • Q41
        • Q42
        • Q43
        • Q44
        • Q45
        • Q46
        • Q47
        • Q48
        • Q49
        • Q50
      • Unit 10 Structure and behaviors of Organisms >
        • Adaptations
      • Unit 11 Life Cycles
  • Tx 1st Sem
    • Texas Map Project
    • Regions
    • HOW PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF TEXAS EARN THEIR LIVING
    • American Indians >
      • ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES USED BY EARLY AMERICAN INDIANS IN TX
      • Caddo
      • Karankawa
      • Tonkawa
      • Lipan Apache
      • Jumano and Concho
      • Comanche
    • TX Indian's Reading Cards >
      • Comanche
      • Lipan Apache
      • Karankawa
      • Caddo
      • Jumano
    • Exploration and Mission Life >
      • MOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT
      • WHEN, WHERE, WHY SPANISH ESTABLISHED SETTLEMENTS AND
      • ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND IMPACT OF SIGNIFICANT EXPLORERS >
        • Cabeza de Vaca (Spain)
        • Francisco Coronado (Spain)
        • René Robert Cavelier
        • Jose de Escandon
        • EFFECTS OF EXPLORATION
    • Colonization of TX >
      • Missions of TX
      • SIGNIFICANT EMPRESARIOS
      • TEXAS’ ROLE IN THE MEXICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
      • CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE
    • Important People of Texas Revolution
    • People of TX Revolution
    • Major Events of the TX Revolution
    • Battles of the Revolution
    • SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS
  • Tx 2nd Sem
    • Republic and Statehood >
      • Important People of the TX Republic
      • Economic Struggles
      • Relations With American Indians
      • Events That Led to the Annexation of TX into The U.S.
    • Civil War and Reconstruction >
      • Civil War and Reconstruction PowerPoint
      • IMPACT OF THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION ON TEXAS
      • DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM IN TEXAS
      • HOW THE FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM WORKS AND EXAMPLES
      • EXAMPLES OF THE BENEFITS OF THE FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM
      • Texas Industries
      • ORIGINS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STATE CELEBRATIONS
    • The Six National Flags of Texas
    • Texas Frontier >
      • The Cattle and Railroad Industry
      • GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPACT OF THE CATTLE INDUSTRY
      • IMPACT OF RAILROADS ON LIFE IN TEXAS
      • EFFECTS ON AMERICAN INDIAN LIFE RESULTING FROM CHANGES IN TEXAS
      • FAMOUS INVENTORS AND SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
    • Urbanization >
      • IMPACT OF VARIOUS ISSUES AND EVENTS ON LIFE IN TEXAS
      • ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS >
        • John Tower
        • Scott Joplin
        • Cleto Rodriguez
        • Audie Murphy
        • Stanley Marcus
        • Bessie Coleman
        • Raul A. Gonzales
        • Patillo Higgins
        • Spindletop
        • Impact of Oil and Gas Industry
      • DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ON INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION IN TEXAS
      • POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN MODIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
      • The Dust Bowl
      • Dust Bowl Images
    • Texas Today >
      • PRODUCTS OF TEXAS THAT ARE PURCHASED TO MEET NEEDS
      • CUSTOMS, CELEBRATIONS, TRADITIONS OF CULTURAL,
      • CONTRIBUTIONS OF PEOPLE
      • HOW SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND INNOVATIONS HAVE BENEFITED INDIVIDUALS, BUSINESSES, AND SOCIETY IN TEXAS
    • Texas Citizenship >
      • THE MEANING OF PATRIOTIC SYMBOLS AND LANDMARKS OF TEXAS
      • “TEXAS, OUR TEXAS”
      • IMPORTANT INDIVIDUALS
      • HOW INDIVIDUALS CAN PARTICIPATE VOLUNTARILY IN CIVIC AFFAIRS
      • DUTY OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS
      • HOW TO CONTACT ELECTED AND APPOINTED LEADERS IN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
      • Leadership Qualities
      • LEADERS IN GOVERNMENT
    • Texas Environment >
      • Vocabulary
      • WAYS PEOPLE HAVE ADAPTED TO AND MODIFIED THEIR ENVIRONMENT IN TEXAS
      • POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN MODIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
  • TX Maps
  • U.S
    • 1st Semester >
      • European Exploration >
        • Why People Move
        • ECONOMIC PATTERNS OF EARLY EUROPEAN COLONISTS
      • Colonial America >
        • New England Colonies
        • The Mid-Atlantic Colonies
      • Colonial Map Project
      • Road to Revolution >
        • The Southern Colonies
        • EVENTS PRIOR TO AND DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
        • CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD >
          • Founding Fathers
          • John Adams
          • Samuel Adams
          • Benjamin Franklin
          • Colonial Leaders >
            • William Bradford
            • Anne Hutchinson
            • William Penn
            • John Smith
            • John Wise
            • Roger Williams
          • Nathan Hale
          • Thomas Jefferson
          • Sons of Liberty
          • George Washington
          • MOTIVATIONS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
        • EXAMPLES OF ART, MUSIC, AND LITERATURE DURING REVOLUTION
        • Revolution and Its Effects >
          • RESULTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
          • KEY ELEMENTS, PURPOSES, IMPORTANCE OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
          • CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FOUNDING FATHERS
      • A Nation Is Born >
        • Articles of Confederation
        • CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HELPED CREATE THE U.S. CONSTITUTION >
          • James Madison
          • George Mason
          • Charles Pinckney
          • Roger Sherman
        • PURPOSES OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION IDENTIFIED IN THE PREAMBLE
        • Purpose of the Constitution
        • REASONS AND IMPORTANCE OF THE CREATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS
      • American Identity >
        • CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812
        • U.S. TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
        • Western Expansion Images
        • PATRIOTIC SYMBOLS AND LANDMARKS
        • MEANING OF THE PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
    • 2nd Semester >
      • Western Expansion >
        • CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812
        • Geographic Factors that Influence Patterns of Settlement
        • REASONS PEOPLE MOVED WEST
        • EVENTS AND CONCEPTS ASSOCIATED WITH U.S. TERRITORIAL
        • HOW INDUSTRY AND MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE CHANGED THE AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE
      • A Nation Divided >
        • HOW CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LED TO CONFLICT AMONG SECTIONS OF THE U.S
        • Causes of Civil War
        • REASONS FOR LOCATION OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
        • EFFECTS OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
      • Post-Civil War America (Reconstruction) >
        • Effects of Civil War
        • CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF PEOPLE
        • Challenges and Triumphs of Immigrants in America
        • Challenges and Triumphs of American Indians in America
        • Transcontinental Railroad
        • ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY >
          • Benjamin Franklin
          • Thomas Edison
          • Eli Whitney
          • John Deere
          • Alexander Graham Bell
          • George Washington Carver
        • Origins and Significance of Memorial Day
      • Progress: A Bumpy Road >
        • Overview of the Times
        • Women and Their Contributions to Society
        • The Free Enterprise System
        • IMPACT OF MASS PRODUCTION, SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOR ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES
        • HOW SUPPLY AND DEMAND AFFECTS CONSUMERS
        • HOW SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS HAVE BENEFITED INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY
        • List of Inventions and Conveniences from the Late 1800s and Early 1900s
        • Transportation and Trade
        • The Vaccine
        • Labor Day
      • Conflict Abroad and at Home >
        • VARIOUS ISSUES AND EVENTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
        • World War I
        • The Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression
        • World War II
        • ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS >
          • Dwight D. Eisenhower
          • Franklin D. Roosevelt
          • Tuskegee Airmen
          • 442nd Infantry Regiment
          • ORIGINS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF NATIONAL CELEBRATIONS
        • HOW SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS HAVE BENEFITED INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY
      • The United States Today >
        • VARIOUS ISSUES AND EVENTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
        • VARIOUS ISSUES AND EVENTS OF THE 21ST CENTURY
        • ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS
        • The Race Begins
        • Advancements Because of NASA Research
        • Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
        • Rosa Parks – An Act of Courage
        • Civil Rights Act of 1964
        • Voting Rights Act
  • U.S Maps
  • Government
    • LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
    • Constitutional Scavenger Hunt
    • BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
    • SYSTEMS OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
    • THE BILL OF RIGHTS
    • HOW INDIVIDUALS CAN PARTICIPATE IN GOVERNMENT
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Texas Under Spain. 1519-1685; 1690-1821.
Spain was the first European nation to claim what is now Texas, beginning in 1519 when Cortez was establishing Spanish presence in Mexico, and Alonzo Alvarez  de Pineda mapped the Texas coastline. A few shipwrecked Spaniards, like Alvar  Nunez, Cabeza de Vaca, and explorers such as Coronado, occasionally probed the  vast wilderness, but more than 100 years passed before Spain planted its first  settlement in Texas: Ysleta Mission in present El Paso, established in 1681.  Gradually expanding from Mexico, other Spanish missions, forts and civil  settlements followed for nearly a century-and-a-half until Mexico threw off  European rule and became independent in 1821. The red and yellow striped Spanish  flag after 1785 depicts a lion of Leon and a castle of Castile on a  shield  surmounted by a crown.

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Texas Under France. 1685-1690
Planning to expand its base from French Louisiana, France took a bold step in 1685, planting its flag in eastern Texas near the Gulf Coast. Although claimed by Spain, most of Texas had no Spanish presence at all; the nearest Spanish settlements were hundreds of miles distant. French nobleman Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, founded a colony called Fort St. Louis. But theeffort was doomed by a series of calamities: shipwreck, disease, famine,hostile Indians, and internal strife resulting in La Salle's murder by one of his own company. by 1690, France's bold claim to Texas had evaporated. The French flag  features a host of golden Fleurs-de-lis emblazoned on a field of white, which  was actually the French royal ensign for ships and forts.

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Texas Under Mexico. 1821-1836
For more than a decade after Mexico became independent, hardy pioneers from the Hispanic south and the Anglo north flowed into Texas. It was a frontier region for both; Anglo Texans became Mexican citizens. But divergent social and political attitudes began to alienate the two cultures. The final straw: Mexican  General Santa Anna scrapped the Mexican federal constitution and declared  himself dictator. Texans revolted and won their independence April 21,1836, on  the battleground of San Jacinto near Houston. Mexico's intricate flag pictures  an eagle, a snake (an image from pre-Columbian mythology) and cactus on bars of  brilliant green, white and red.

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Texas as a Republic. 1836-1845
During nearly ten years of independence, the Texas republic endured epidemics, financial crises and still-volatile clashes with Mexico. But it was during this period that unique accents of the Texas heritage germinated.  Texas became the birthplace of the American cowboy; Texas Rangers were the first  to use Sam Colt's remarkable six-shooters; Sam Houston became an American ideal  of rugged individualism. Texas joined the United States on December 29,1845.  The red, white and blue Texas state flag with its lone star (the same flag  adopted by the republic in 1839) today flies virtually everywhere: on government  buildings, schools, banks, shopping malls, and even on oil derricks.

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Texas in the Confederacy. 1861-1865
Sixteen years after Texas joined the union, the American Civil War erupted. Gov. Sam Houston, urging Texans to stay aloof or re-establish a neutral  republic, was driven from office. Texas cast its lot with the doomed  southerners, reaping devastation and economic collapse as did all Confederate states. But two events fixed Texas and Texans as somehow different in the nation's eyes. First, Texas troops on Texas soil won the final battle of the Civil War, not knowing the south had capitulated a month earlier. Second, returning Texans found a population explosion of wild Longhorns, sparking the great cattle-trail drives that became American legends. The first Confederate flag flown in Texas was the South's national emblem, "The Stars and Bars" of the  Confederate States of America, although the later-crossed Confederate battle  flag is better known today. 

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Texas in the US. 1845-1861; 1865-Present
On joining the union, Texas became the 28th star on the U.S. flag. Shrugging aside defeat and bitter reconstruction after the Civil War, the offspring of Texas pioneers marshaled their strengths to secure a future based on determined self-reliance. First was the fabled Texas Longhorn, providing beef for a burgeoning nation. Newly turned topsoil on vast farm acreage yielded bountiful crops. The 20th Century dawned with the discovery of fabulous sources--gushers roaring in at a place called Spindletop near Beaumont. By mid-century, modern Texas industries were sprouting in a fertile climate of advanced technology. Today under the magnificent "Star Spangled Banner," Texas horizons continue to expand, thrusting up to the limitless reaches of outer space.

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